
This regularly scheduled sponsored Q&A column is written by Eli Tucker, Arlington-based Realtor and Arlington resident. Please submit your questions to him via email for response in future columns. Video summaries of some articles can be found on YouTube on the Ask Eli, Live With Jean playlist. Enjoy!
Question: We just accepted an offer on our home and wanted to know what can happen to cause a home sale contract to fall through.
Answer: Happy Halloween! In keeping with the Halloween theme, I thought I’d write about something really spooky… home sale contracts falling apart! Now that we’ve returned to more “normal” real estate contracts with standard contingencies, it’s easier for buyers to walk away from a deal without risking their deposit, so let’s talk about some of the common ways buyers and sellers can get out of a deal.
Earnest Money Deposit Seals the Deal
The Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) is a negotiated amount of money that is held in escrow to ensure the Buyer performs their contractual obligations to purchase a property. In the event of Buyer default, some or all of the deposit can be claimed by the Seller for damages. If the Buyer voids the contract using a contingency or other contractual protection, their EMD is protected and returned in full. The amount of EMD is negotiable, but often falls somewhere between 1% and 5% of the purchase price.
For a more detailed explanation of EMD, you can read my May 2021 article on the topic.
How Can Buyers Back Out?
The sales contract stipulates if, and how, the Buyer can walk away from a home purchase without losing their EMD. I’ll highlight the most common protections Buyers have, which are also the most common ways home sale contracts fall through.
Home Inspection: Home inspections are usually completed within one week of being under contract and are the most common reason for deals to fall through. If your contract has a Home Inspection Contingency, it allows a Buyer to void the contract within a specified number of days (usually 3-10 days) and may also provide for a negotiation period after the inspection for the Buyer to negotiate for repairs and/or credits. The Home Inspection gives the Buyer a unilateral option to void and does not allow a Seller to void, only to reject requests for repair and/or credit.
Financing: The next most common way for a deal to fall through is a Buyer failing to secure financing, which can occur for a wide range of reasons. If a Financing Contingency is included in the contract, Buyers can walk away from the deal if they are legitimately rejected for their loan. Buyers are not protected if they self-sabotage their financing, but this can be a grey area and challenging to verify. Depending on the structure and handling of the financing contingency, Buyers may be protected up to the closing date.
The best way to reduce the risk of a deal collapsing from financing is to ensure the Buyer has a strong pre-approval letter from a Loan Officer who has reviewed critical financial info and documents like credit, proof of income, and tax returns.
Appraisal: When a Buyer is taking out a loan to purchase a property, the bank will usually require an independent appraisal from their third-party appraiser pool (in other words, the appraiser comes from the bank, not the Buyer or Seller).
The Northern Virginia contract requires Buyers with conventional financing to give the Seller the opportunity to lower the sale price to the appraised value before voiding the contract, but allows the Buyer to void in the event the Seller does not agree to the lower price and Buyer and Seller are unable to reach an alternative agreement. The Northern Virginia contract allows Buyers with FHA, VA, or USDA financing to unilaterally void the contract in the event of a low appraisal, or renegotiate the contract price with the Seller.
Association Document Review: Any time a property is sold within an Association, be it a condo association in a large building or a small HOA cluster of single-family homes, Virginia law requires Sellers to provide a resale package with information about the Association ranging from by-laws, to budget, to the reserve study. In Virginia, Buyers receive a three-day review period of these documents and can unilaterally void the contract within those three days.
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